Syntax in the Brain
Probing the brain's code for syntax, the abstract structure of langauge, music, and reasoning.
Welcome! I'm a postdoctoral fellow in the Flinker Lab at the NYU School of Medicine.
My research focuses on how the brain translates from thought to language using tools like ECoG, eyetracking, and syntactic priming. ECoG is the recording of electrical activity directly from the surface of the brain in awake human neurosurgical patients. It offers unparalleled precision, allowing us to know exactly where and when things are happening in the brain.
Research Projects
Endangered Langauge Processing
How do speakers of Nungon, an endangered langauge of Papua New Guinea, speak their mind-bogglingly complex langauge?
Words in the Brain
Using ECoG and machine learning to detect what people are say before they say it.
Resumptive Pronouns
Quixotic pronouns shed light on the relationship between speech production and comprehension.
Artificial Language Learning
Language learners spontaneously produce structures they've never been exposed to!
Individual Differences in Syntax
Testing a 50-year-old assumption: that the That-Trace Effect and Island Boundary-Gap Effect are the same.
A Uniquely Human Cognitive Ability: Syntax
Syntax, the abstract structure of language, is the evolutionary adaptation that sets our species' cognition apart. This project uses state of the art machine learning and electrocorticography (ECoG, or measures of brain activity taken directly from the surface of the brain in awake neurosurgical patients) to understand how the brain encodes this defining feature of human cognition. Our data reveal an unexpected pattern: that syntax, unlike other types of information, does not elevate neural activity when it is processed.
The Processing of Endangered Languages
The vast majority of language processing research has been performed on highly educated speakers of European langauges. This leaves open the possibility that what we know about language processing is skewed, reflecting only humans living in evolutionarily unprecedented ecological conditions. Nungon is a langauge spoken by 300 people in remote areas of Papua New Guinea. Its syntax is shockingly complex, yet its speakers navigate these elaborate rules with no apparent difficulty. In an ongoing line of work with Dr. Hannah Sarvasy, I use eyetracking and other tools to understand how they accomplish this feat. Results so far indicate that the complexities of their language require them to plan their speech a full three seconds before they begin speaking -- three times earlier than English speakers!
- Sarvasy, Morgan, Yu, Ferreira, & Momma 2021: Cross-clause planning in Nungon (Papua New Guinea): Eye-tracking evidence. Memory and Cognition.
- Clemens, Coon, Mateo Pedro, Morgan, Polinsky, Tandet, & Wagers 2014: Ergativity and the complexity of extraction: A view from Mayan. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory.
Words in the Brain
The human brain has 10s of 1000s of words stored in it somewhere. This project uses state of the art machine learning and ECoG to predict what speakers are going to say up to a second before they begin speaking. We visualize the different stages of representation that words pass through (conceptual, phonemic, articulatory) as the brain accesses and prepares to say words, both individually and in sentences.
Generalization in Artificial Language Learning
The world's 6000 languages have a surprising number of similarities in their grammatical structures. One common type of pattern is a "contingency hierarchy," for example: if a given langauge has Structure X (think: passives), then it necessarily has Structure Y (think: actives). In this project, Vic Ferreira and I taught participants fake languages with Structure X -- in this case a structure known as an "object relative clause." Then, we asked participants to describe pictures that required them to use Structure Y ("subject relative clauses"). Many prominent theories predict that humans can only learn structures that they have been exposed to. Contrary to this prediction, our participants spontaneously produced Structure Y, even though they had never seen or heard it before.
Resumptive Pronouns
In many languages, speakers produce pronouns that no one is sure whether they are grammatical (← case in point). These resumptive pronouns sound bad, but speakers still say them (see my 2018 paper with Matt Wagers). What does this mean for theories of syntax? Along with Aya Meltzer-Asscher, Julie Fadlon, Vic Ferreira, Titus von der Malsburg, Matt Wagers, and Eva Wittenberg, I am working on several projects which converge on the idea that the weird properties of resumptive pronouns result from speakers making do with limited cognitive resources while attempting to produce highly complex and taxing constructions.
- Morgan, & Ferreira (2022). Still no evidence for audience design in syntax: Resumptive pronouns are not the exception. Jounral of Memory and Language.
- Morgan, von der Malsburg, Ferreira, & Wittenberg (2020). Shared syntax between comprehension and production: Multi-paradigm evidence that resumptive pronouns hinder comprehension. Cognition.
- Fadlon, Morgan, Meltzer-Asscher, & Ferreira (2019). It depends: Optionality in the production of filler-gap dependencies. Journal of Memory and Language.
- Morgan & Wagers (2018). English resumptive pronouns are more common where gaps are less acceptable. Linguistic Inquiry.
- Polinsky, Clemens, Morgan, Xiang, & Heestand (2013). Resumption in English. Experimental Syntax and Island Effects.
Individual Differences in Syntax
Does every native speaker of English have the same grammar? In this project I demonstrate that there are as many versions of English grammar as there are speakers of English. This finding suggests that the grammar is probably not a set of abstract "rules" derived from experience. Instead, these rules are similar to phonemes: emergent properties of a lifetime of experience.
Inclusivity
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